Principles of Flight Practice Test

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• At high angles of attack, the downward-moving blade tends to bite more than the upward-moving blade due to asymmetrical loading. This phenomenon is known as:
• If the load factor is greater than 1, what happens to the relationship between lift and weight?
• The ascending blade has a _____ angle of attack in a climb, so it generates less thrust.
• Which control surface is primarily yaw control?
• If there's more drag than thrust, airplane will tend to _____.
• What is the force exerted by the engine and its propeller(s) which pushes air backward to cause forward motion?
• Induced drag is present under what condition?
• When yawing, you should also ____ to maintain balance.
• Following aircraft can be endangered by what phenomenon behind a leading aircraft?
• In a climb, the ascending blade has a reduced angle of attack.
• What does the powerplant include?
• If velocity doubles, the dynamic pressure term (1/2)p v^2 increases by a factor of:
• Which control surface is controlled by the control wheel (yoke) through a system of cables, pulleys, and other connecting devices?
• What are the three classifications used for static/dynamic stability?
• The point along the aircraft where it would balance if suspended is called the
• Which phenomenon is a major contributor to left-turning tendencies in many single-engine light aircraft during high power and left turns?
• From the tail view, in which direction do the vortices circulate around the left tip?
• Which flap setting is used to brake the plane, to lose altitude quickly, such as when approaching a runway?
• Which flap type is described as having upper and lower surfaces where the lower acts like a plain flap and the upper surface remains largely still?
• The feature that re-energizes the boundary layer by allowing air to pass through a slot is characteristic of which flap type?
• Which statement correctly describes the effect of increasing wing camber on lift potential?
• Which statement about flaps is true?
• The load factor is measured in what units (acceleration of gravity)?
• Which term describes the part of the airfoil that first meets the airflow?
• Movement around the vertical axis is known as which maneuver?
• Which control surface is primarily responsible for roll motion?
• Which of the following is a secondary flight control?
• In straight and level flight, which statement describes the net force on the aircraft?
• Spanwise flow around a wing moves from bottom surface toward the tips in which direction?
• What are the two fixed landing gear types?
• In the engineer's lift formula L = Cl * (1/2)p * v^2 * s, what does p represent?
• Which aerodynamic force is produced by the dynamic effect of air acting on the wing?
• Flaps enable an aircraft to make a ____ landing.
• Movement around the longitudinal axis is known as which maneuver?
• The Rudder primarily controls which axis movement?
• What is the deflection of the oncoming airstream upward and over the airwing?
• In aerodynamics, the lower the _____, the lower the thrust required to counteract it.
• Which flap setting corresponds to two flaps steps, used to lose altitude quickly?
• Which set of flight conditions contributes to left turning tendency?
• Which statement best describes the rudder's role in turning coordination?
• In the engineer's lift formula L = Cl * (1/2)p * v^2 * s, what does L represent?
• Which climb performance yields the greatest altitude gain per unit distance?
• An aggravated stall that leads to autorotation and a downward corkscrew path is defined as:
• The relative wind is pointed downward by which phenomenon?
• Two main categories of drag are which of the following?
• What is the approximate maximum angle of attack before stall?
• Trim systems belong to which group of flight controls?
• What is the angle at which the chord of an aircraft's wing meets the relative wind?
• The air and vortices roll off the back of the wing at which angle, contributing to drag, and is known as what?
• Which climb yields the greatest altitude gain in the shortest horizontal distance?
• Which type of flap extends from the fuselage to the aileron on each wing and is electrically actuated, rotating on a simple hinge?
• Which term describes the aerodynamic resistance due to the contact of moving air with the surface of an aircraft, including microscopic roughness?
• Which term describes the wing's upward slope from root to tip?
• Which statement describes the state where the sum of all forces equals zero, resulting in no acceleration?
• Which law explains the equal and opposite reaction to the engine torque on the airframe in a propeller-driven airplane?
• To maintain straight and level speed, _____.
• Which control surface is primarily responsible for yaw motion?
• What term describes the ratio of lift to weight in flight?
• What is the term for forward motion along an inclined path caused by gravity, with descent rate controlled by balancing gravity and lift?
• Downwash from the propeller to the horizontal tail is called which effect?
• This comes from the intersection of airstreams that creates eddy currents (like whirlpools), turbulence, or restricts smooth airflow. Which drag type is described?
• Which term describes the stability category that is not damped?
• To counteract adverse yaw, apply _____ (step on the ball)
• Stability around the vertical axis is known as which stability?
• In level, unaccelerated flight, the load factor equals which value?
• Which control surface is primarily responsible for pitch motion?
• Which term describes the flow direction and speed of air approaching the airfoil?
• Positive dynamic stability results in a response that is…
• Flaps increase lift and reduce stall speed, allowing the wing to produce the same lift at a lower airspeed.
• If the maximum lift coefficient is exceeded, lift decreases rapidly and the wing stalls. Which option describes what happens to lift?
• Which flap type is used to maximize lift at low speeds by increasing camber and wing area when deployed?
• Unaccelerated flight means the airplane is what?
• What term describes the combined load of the airplane itself, the crew, fuel, cargo or baggage?
• Altitude where the rate of climb equals 100 ft/min is called the ____.
• When there is an excess of one of the forces, the airplane will _____ in the direction of the greatest force.
• Which mnemonic is used to remember the standard spin recovery procedure?
• Which landing gear is non-retractable?
• Which statement best describes gravity's role during a glide?
• At higher airspeeds, the controls become increasingly firm and aircraft response is more rapid.
• What is the main body section of an airplane that holds crew and passengers or cargo called?
• In steady unaccelerated flight, the forces acting on the aircraft are in which state?
• In a skid, the sideways force is located on which side of the turn?
• Spoilers are an example of which type of flight controls?
• Which forward force is produced by the propulsion system?
• Which statement correctly describes the direction of acceleration when forces are imbalanced?
• Induced drag is the result of what aerodynamic condition?
• Which of the following is an outer surface of the wing that helps form the airfoil?
• Wingtip vortices reach maximum strength during which flight phases?
• What term describes any surface that provides aerodynamic force when interacting with moving air?
• What are the basic planform shapes described?
• What term describes the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot?
• Which type of landing gear do most small training airplanes use?
• Which term is commonly used to describe the straight-line distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge of an airfoil, measured along the chord line?
• Which motion is the Aileron primarily used to control?
• In pilot's formula of lift, lower AOA is equal to _____.
• Roll stability is associated with rotation about which axis?
• Neutral dynamic stability means the response is not damped.
• Which statement best describes drag?
• In normal unaccelerated flight, the forces of flight are in what state?
• The corkscrew or spiral rotation of the slipstream behind a propeller is most accurately described as:
• Which primary flight control surface is primarily responsible for roll control?
• The wingtip vortex arises primarily from what mechanism?
• Which principle is commonly cited alongside Newton's third law to explain lift?
• Which term describes a wing arrangement with a single pair of wings attached at the bottom of the fuselage?
• Near the wingtips, what creates vortices that trail behind the airfoil?
• Parasite drag is best described as which of the following?
• Which variable in the lift equation is dimensionless?
• Wing supports that carry loads without external bracing are called?
• Which climb performance yields the greatest altitude gain per unit time?
• Which flap setting is used for takeoff or slow flight to gain altitude?
• Which climb yields the greatest altitude gain in the shortest time?
• What is the term for the balance point along the aircraft's longitudinal axis, where it would balance if suspended?
• Summation of forces equals zero is also known as what condition?
• Which flap type extends from the fuselage to the aileron on each wing and is actuated electronically?
• Directional stability resists yaw motion about which axis?
• These are used to relieve the pilot of the need to maintain constant pressure on the flight controls.
• What is the term for the tail assembly consisting of vertical and horizontal stabilizers?
• Skin friction drag is the same as form drag. True or False?
• Which condition increases the strength of wingtip vortices?
• The unit used to measure acceleration is the _____.
• What trails behind the airfoil due to wingtip vortices?
• During a slip, the pilot experiences a sideways force on which side of the turn?
• Which device is used to make steeper landing approaches?
• Which term describes an aircraft's ability to follow the pilot's control inputs and maintain the intended flight path?
• Induced drag is the result of an airfoil developing lift. Which option best describes this statement?
• What is the point of maximum lift called?
• Which of the following is a type of aileron?
• What term describes the inherent ability of an aircraft to resist disturbances and return to equilibrium?
• Which flap design is described as a combined design, according to the source material?
• Which wing component is used to increase lift by deflecting the trailing edge at low speeds?
• Where are the two main wheels located on most airplanes?
• Which flap type features a slot between the flap and the wing that re-energizes the boundary layer and delays stall?
• If the center of gravity is forward during flight, what is the result?
• Which statement is true about landing gear?
• Load factor is defined as the load the wings are supporting divided by the total weight of the airplane. Which ratio represents this definition?
• What term describes the spiral descent motion of an aircraft in a stall that can transition to autorotation?
• Which of the following is a primary flight control surface?
• If the center of gravity is aft during take-off, what is the result?
• If the center of gravity is forward during landing, what is the result?
• The airplane's weight could be different from the total weight supported by the wings during maneuvers; this leads to which concept?
• What is a venturi tube?
• Which of the following is a wing component that helps define the wing's cross-section?
• Which aerodynamic force is typically associated with air resistance acting opposite the direction of motion?
• Which component provides protection for passengers and serves as the mounting point for the engine?
• Which flap type has upper and lower surfaces separate, with the lower surface operating like a plain flap, but the upper surface stays immobile or moves only slightly?
• Ground effect best described as?
• In level, straight-and-level flight, the load factor equals what?
• Which force is rearward and retarding due to disruption of airflow by the wing and fuselage?
• During takeoff, ground effect may cause which of the following?
• Which design feature is used to reduce interference drag?
• A higher aspect ratio wing is associated with increased glide capability.
• Which drag is inseparable from the production of lift?
• Which term describes parasite drag caused by the object's shape and airflow around it?
• The term describing the altitude where the rate of climb is zero is ____.
• Trailing edge is the part of an airfoil that hits the air particles last.
• Which major part provides thrust and propulsion?
• Which factor is not listed as influencing wingtip vortex strength in the material?
• When the rudder is deflected into the airflow, a horizontal force is exerted in which direction relative to the rudder deflection?
• As airspeed decreases, which type of drag increases?
• The unit 'G' is an abbreviation for _____.
• What part provides thrust to the airplane?
• Which device decreases stall speed?
• An example of flaps with a combined design is the ____ flap.
• What are the two basic wing sweep configurations?
• Bernoulli's principle is derived from which law?
• The spanwise air movement along the wing is defined as which of the following?
• During landing, ground effect may cause which effect?
• Which term describes parasite drag caused by the shape of the aircraft and airflow around it?
• Which principle explains that as the velocity of a fluid increases, its internal pressure decreases?
• Which pair represents the two primary control surfaces on the wing?
• The ratio of maximum load the aircraft can sustain to the gross weight is known as what?
• At low airspeeds, the controls usually feel soft and sluggish; at which airspeeds does this occur?
• Which component generates most of the lift by pushing through the air?
• Which law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction?
• Which factor is primarily responsible for the downward blade producing more thrust at high AOA?
• Which term describes the forward thrust generated by the propulsion system?
• In a spin, the airplane tends to descend in a spiral path under gravity while yawing and rolling. Which term best describes this condition?
• If coefficient of lift Cl is doubled while other variables remain constant, lift will:
• Which stability is associated with stability around the lateral axis?
• Which of the following is not a component of the engineer's lift formula?
• In pilot's formula of lift, higher AOA is equal to _____.
• Which force enables an aircraft to overcome drag?
• If the center of gravity is forward during take-off, what is the result?
• Leading edge is the part of an airfoil that hits the air particles first.
• Which step in PARE is focused on reducing the angle of attack during a spin recovery?
• What best describes the cause of induced drag?
• Which force directly opposes the weight of an airplane and keeps the airplane in the air?
• Which forces are balanced by the pilot to achieve a glide?
• Frise-type aileron is a type of which control surface?
• Which drag is always present if lift is produced?
• From the tail view, in which direction do the vortices circulate around the right tip?
• Which device, when deployed, adds to rate of descent without increasing airspeed?
• Most higher performance airplanes are equipped with which type of landing gear?
• Rudder stabilizes which stability?
• These are portions of the leading edge moved forward and down to create a path for air similar to a slot, providing additional lift and delaying separation. What are they called?
• If weight becomes greater than lift, what happens to the aircraft?
• In the engineer's lift formula L = Cl * (1/2)p * v^2 * s, what does v represent?
• The Elevator/Stabilator primarily controls which axis movement?
• Lateral stability resists rotation about which axis?
• What term describes lift as it relates to the angle of attack?
• As which parameter increases, induced drag decreases?
• It is resistance to the forward motion directly opposed to thrust
• Which component covers the engine and streamlines airflow around it?
• Which of the following represents the three primary rotational movements of an aircraft about its axes?
• For normal cruise with no flap deployment, which configuration is used?
• Chord is the distance between the leading and trailing edges measured along the chord line.
• Which two control surfaces are used together to perform a coordinated turn?
• Which wing device produces a large increase in camber and increases both lift and drag?
• What term describes the component that includes the wheels and supports them on an aircraft?
• What is another term for conventional fixed landing gear?
• Propellers used on training aircraft are typically how many blades?
• In the engineer's lift formula L = Cl * (1/2)p * v^2 * s, what does Cl represent?
• As angle of attack increases, which of the following also increases?
• Which term describes the curvature of the airfoil on the upper surface relative to the chord line?
• Negative dynamic stability results in what kind of response?
• In a lifting wing, how does the pressure on the lower surface compare to the upper surface?
• Which physical principle explains the reactive torque on an aircraft when a propeller spins?
• Which of the following is NOT a type of parasite drag?
• Which aerodynamic force is primarily responsible for supporting the aircraft's weight?
• Downwash from the propeller increases elevator and rudder effectiveness at what speed?
• Which two factors affect directional stability?
• Flaps are controlled using which control device?
• The stability around the vertical axis is called which?
• If velocity is doubled, by what factor does the lift term increase, assuming other factors constant?
• Elevator/Stabilator stabilizes which stability?
• Air flowing around the fuselage collides with air flowing over the wing, merging into a current of air different from the two original currents. This is most observed when two surfaces meet at perpendicular angles. This is describing which drag type?
• When rolling, you should also _____ to counteract adverse yaw.
• Which surface is deflected to change the aircraft's pitch during level flight?
• What is the forward force produced by the powerplant or propeller?
• What term describes the angle between the chord line and the relative wind?
• Which wing device is typically heavier and more complex and commonly found on jets?
• During a skid, the pilot experiences a sideways force on which side of the turn?
• Which pair best describes the two primary categories of wing design described?
• The force that results from the acceleration due to gravity, always acts toward the center of the earth opposing lift. What is this force called?
• Which is the primary forward force acting on the airplane during powered flight?
• Which item is not considered a part of a powerplant?
• During a climb, the descending blade has a higher angle of attack, so the right side of the propeller disc creates more thrust.
• Excess thrust results in a ____.
• They usually increase both wing camber and area and are generally found on jets due to their expense, weight, and complexity. Which device is this?
• Which option best describes thrust?
• In normal flight, which flap setting is used?
• Leading edge devices are an example of which type of flight controls?
• Which wing characteristic most directly affects glide efficiency when power is off?
• Which quality describes an aircraft that can be maneuvered easily and withstand the stresses imposed by maneuvers?
• What is the downward deflection of the airstream as it passes over the wing and past the trailing edge?
• What is the tail assembly of an airplane called?
• What causes ground effect?
• The angle at which the wings are slanted upward from the root to the tip is called what?
• What aerodynamic force counters gravity and enables sustained flight?
• During spin recovery, which control input is applied opposite to the spin direction to reduce yaw?
• Left turning tendencies are caused by which combination of effects?
• Which formula expresses Newton's second law of motion?
• If thrust exceeds drag, what happens to the aircraft's speed?
• Movement around the lateral axis is known as which maneuver?
• During lift, how does the pressure on the lower surface compare to the pressure on the upper surface?
• During level, unaccelerated flight, which statement is true about lift and weight?
• What term describes the ability of an aircraft to return to equilibrium after a disturbance?
• A lower aspect ratio wing is associated with which performance characteristic?
• Stability around the lateral axis is called which stability?
• What are the two main categories used to describe how stability is classified in aircraft?
• The hazard associated with trailing wingtip vortices affecting following aircraft is known as what?
• Which flap type slides backwards before hinging downward, increasing both camber and chord, creating a larger wing surface better tuned for lower speeds?
• Altitude where the rate of climb equals 0 ft/min is called the ____.
• What is the term for the swirling air pattern created by wingtip vortices?
• Camber is the curvature of an airfoil above and below the chord line.
• Which term refers to the capability of an aircraft to respond to the pilot's control, especially with regard to flight path and altitude?
• What part of the wings can be modified to increase airfoil camber, add more wing area, or delay airflow separation at high angles of attack?
• Which wing device is primarily intended to allow a higher angle of attack before reaching the stalling angle?
• In the engineer's lift formula L = Cl * (1/2)p * v^2 * s, what does s represent?
• The empennage consists of the vertical and horizontal stabilizer.
• What is the formula for wing aspect ratio?
• Which flap setting is used to lose altitude even more quickly?
• What is the inherent quality of an aircraft to correct for disturbances and return to its original flight path?
• Wingtip vortices are greatest when the generating aircraft is described as which configuration?
• Which type of drag is inherent whenever an airfoil is producing lift, and is inseparable from lift?
• The greater the centrifugal force, the ___ the load on the aircraft during a turn?
• Ground effect occurs when an aircraft is within approximately how many wingspans of the ground?
• The PARE spin-recovery sequence consists of which of the following combinations?
• The stability around the longitudinal axis is called what?
• Which statement correctly describes the drag categories?
• Doubling wing surface area s while Cl, p, and v remain constant will cause lift to:
• Which of the following is a component of the aircraft wing?
• During maneuvers, the load factor can be greater than 1. This means the wings are supporting more lift than the aircraft's weight. Which statement describes this condition?
• What is the name of the spiraling motion imparted to the slipstream by a fast-spinning propeller?
• What is the direction of movement of the atmosphere relative to an airfoil?
• Which movement describes rotation about the vertical axis?
• Which flap increases camber and wing area by sliding backward before deployment, enabling lower-speed flight?
• Which surface performs the same function as the horizontal stabilizer + elevator combination?
• Ailerons are controlled using which control device?
• What powers the propeller to provide thrust?
• The aerodynamic effect where a force applied to a rotating body results in a response 90 degrees ahead in the direction of rotation is called:
• Primary control for changing the pitch attitude of an airplane.
• Which term describes the curvature of the airfoil on the lower surface relative to the chord line?
• Which wing component often houses fuel tanks?
• It is caused by higher drag on the outside wing, which is producing more lift.
• Which stability is stabilized by the Aileron?
• Which of the following is a factor affecting directional stability?
• Reducing drag reduces thrust requirement. True or False?